Yossef H Hatzor

The submission explores the mechanical behavior of a very porous chalk formation, in which a system of ancient caverns was excavated. Incidents of general and localized failure of these ancient caverns initiated a comprehensive laboratory testing program aimed at investigating the anisotropic nature of the stress-strain response and strength of the material. It was felt that these aspects could be of profound importance in the stability of the cavern systems. The effect of water content over a broad range from 1.5% to saturation, on the compressive and tensile strength was also studied. Testing was based on the hollow cylinder methodology and was supplemented with uniaxial compression of solid cylinders and diametric compression of Brazilian disks. Use of the hollow cylinder methodology was extended to failure conditions. Test results illustrate the anisotropic nature of the stress-strain response of the chalk. The material clearly displays transverse isotropy, with horizontal bedding planes corresponding to the plane of material symmetry. The modulus of deformation within the plane of material symmetry is significantly higher than that perpendicular to bedding planes. Torsional shear of hollow cylinder specimens was employed to measure the shear modulus of the chalk. The testing carried out up to failure illustrated the anisotropy of the chalk strength. The compressive strength was found to be 50% higher in compression parallel to bedding than perpendicular to bedding. Increasing water content was found to have a consistent detrimental effect on compressive strength, tensile strength and material stiffness. The most drastic effect was found due to relatively small increases in water content, at initial water contents of less than 5%. Anisotropy of the chalk strength was found to persist over the entire range of water contents considered.