Noam Tirosh

Media reform has not been high on the agenda of social reform movements in Israel historically, nor has it emerged as one following the social protests of 2011. All three reform strategies identified by Hackett and Carrol (2006)-internal, alternative media, and structural change-had been tried over the years. It emerges that the only strategy with an impact has been the use of alternative media in its most extreme form: Defying the law and launching unlicensed electronic media services. This has been true in particular in the case of radio policy, for which there are a few examples from the 1970s to the 2000s, and cable television.