SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

1) Background

Populations and species. Definition of sympatry. Darwin's model of sympatric speciation. Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility and disruptive selection. Multiple resources and frequency-dependent selection. Phenotypic architecture of sympatric speciation.

1) Darwin CR 1859 Origin of Species. Chapter 4.

2) Maynard Smith J 1966 Sympatric speciation. Am. Nat. 100, 637.

3) Orr HA, Masly JP, Presgraves DC 2004 Speciation genes. Curr. Op. Genet. Dev. 14, 675.

4) Udovic D 1980. Frequency-dependent selection, disruptive selection, and the evolution of reproductive isolation. Am. Nat. 116, 621.

5) Doebeli M, Dieckmann U 2000 Evolutionary branching and sympatric speciation caused by different types of ecological interactions. Am. Nat. 156: S77.

6) Kondrashov AS, Yampolsky LY, Shabalina SA. 1998. On the sympatric origin of species by means of natural selection. In: Endless Forms: Species and Speciation (D. J. Howarth and S. H. Berlocher, eds.), p. 90. Oxford Univ. Press.

2) Dynamics under disruptive selection

Genotypic models: 1 locus and 2 loci. Fisher's equilibrium principle. Phenotypic models: linearization at the final stage and the hypergeometric model. Isolation by natural seleciton.

1) Kondrashov AS 1983 Multilocus model of sympatric speciation. I. One character. Theor. Pop. Biol. 24, 121.

2) Shpak M, Kondrashov AS 1999 Applicability of the hypergeometric phenotypic model to haploid and diploid populations. Evolution 53, 600.

3) Kondrashov AS, Kondrashov FA 1999 Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation. Nature 400, 351.

3) The impact of non-random mating

Sympatric speciation driven by assortative mating. Interactions of assortative mating and disruptive selection. Can sexual selection drive sympatric speciation?

1) Kondrashov AS, Shpak M 1998 On the origin of species by means of assortative mating. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 265, 2273.

2) Kondrashov AS, Kondrashov FA 1999 Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation. Nature 400, 351.

3) Turner GF, Burrows MT 1995 A model of sympatric speciation by sexual selection.

Proc. Roy. Soc. B 260, 287.

4) Arnegard M, Kondrashov AS 2004 Sympatric speciation by sexual selection alone is unlikely. Evolution 58, 222.

5) van Doorn GS, Dieckmann U, Weissing FJ 2004 Sympatric speciation by sexual selection: A critical reevaluation. Am. Nat. 163, 709.

4) Data relevant to sympatric speciation

Host races, African cichlids, genetics of differences between compatible species, speciation-relevant QTLs.

1) Schliewen UK, Tautz D, Paabo S 1994 Sympatric speciation suggested by monophyly of crater lake cichlids. NATURE 368, 629.

2) Streelman JT, Albertson RC, Kocher TD 2003 Genome mapping of the orange blotch colour pattern in cichlid fishes. Mol. Ecol. 12, 2465.

3) Thomas Y, Bethenod MT, Pelozuelo L, Frerot B, Bourguet D 2003 Genetic isolation between two sympatric host-plant races of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner. I. sex pheromone, moth emergence timing, and parasitism. Evolution 57, 261.

4) Via S 2002 The ecological genetics of speciation. Am. Nat. 159, S1.

5) Via S, Hawthorne DJ 2002 The genetic architecture of ecological specialization: Correlated gene effects on host use and habitat choice in pea aphids. Am. Nat. 159, S76.

5) Practical work with computer models

Multi-trait hypergeometric models and individual-based models.

EVOLUTION OF SEX

1) Background

Ploidy cycle. Amphimictic life cycle. Sexual reproduction in nature. Derivates of sexual reproduction. Ancient asexuals. Imperfect forms of mixis.

1) Kondrashov AS 1994 The asexual ploidy cycle and the origin of sex. Nature 370, 213.

2) Kondrashov AS 1997 Evolutionary genetics of life cycles. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28, 391.

3) Normark BB, Judson OP, Moran NA 2003 Genomic signatures of ancient asexual lineages. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 79, 69.

4) Arkhipova I, Meselson M 2000 Transposable elements in sexual and ancient asexual taxa. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 14473.

5) Hijri M, Sanders IR 2005 Low gene copy number shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inherit genetically different nuclei. Nature 433, 160.

2) Sex and group selection

Immediate benefits vs. variation and selection. Environmental deterministic hypotheses, environmental stochastic hypotheses, Muller's ratchet, mutational deterministic model, patchy environment and sib competition.

1) Maynard Smith J. 1978 The Evolution of Sex.

2) Kondrashov AS 1993 Classification of hypotheses on the advantage of amphimixis. J. of Heredity 84, 372.

3) Barton NH, Charlesworth B 1998 Why sex and recombination? Sciencw 281, 1986.

3) Sex and individual selection

Evolution of modifiers. Fast-slow dynamics. Modifiers of mutation, recombination, and selfing. Conditions favoring crossing-over and selfing in multichromosomal genomes - an unsolved problem. Gradual origin of amphimixis: a possible scenario.

1) Kondrashov AS 1995 Modifiers of reproduction under the mutation-selection balance: general approach and the evolution of mutability. Genetical Research 66, 53-69.

2) Kondrashov AS 1984 Deleterious mutations as an evolutionary factor. I. The advantage of recombination. Genetical Research 44, 199-217.

3) Kondrashov AS 1994 Gradual origin of amphimixis by natural selection. In: M. Kirkpatrick, ed. The Evolution of Haploid-Diploid Life Cycles. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences, vol. 25, 27.

4) Otto SP, Barton NH 2001 Selection for recombination in small populations. Evolution 55, 1921.

4) Data relevant to the evolution of sex

Measuring parameters of spontaneous mutation: DNA-based short-term approach, rates of evolution, fitness-based approach. Selection in nature: measuring fitness differences and counting selective sweeps.

1) Shabalina SA, Yampolsky LY, Kondrashov AS 1997 Rapid decline of fitness in panmictic populations of Drosophila under relaxed selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13034.

2) Kondrashov AS 1998 Measuring spontaneous deleterious mutation process. Genetica 102/103, 183.

3) Keightley PD, Eyre-Walker A 1999 Terumi Mukai and the riddle of deleterious mutation rates. Genetics 153, 515.

4) Kondrashov AS 2001 Sex and U. Trends in Genetics 17, 75.

5) Bierne N, Eyre-Walker A 2004 The genomic rate of adaptive amino acid substitution in Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1350.

5) Sexual selection as a factor of evolution

Coevolution of female preference and male display: run-away and good genes. Sexual conflicts.

1) Houle D, Kondrashov AS 2002 Coevolution of costly mate choice and condition-dependent display of good genes. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 269, 97.

2) Kokko H, Brooks R, Jennions MD, Morley J 2003 The evolution of mate choice and mating biases. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 270, 653.

3) Arnqvist G 2004 Sexual conflict and sexual selection: Lost in the chase

Evolution 58, 1383.